![]() Visual impairment resulting from photoreceptor dystrophy is a common phenotype of inherited ciliopathies, a group of disorders characterized by ciliary dysfunction. These data give further understanding on the molecular mechanisms of RAB28‐associated CRD, highlighting roles of Rab28 in both peaks of OSP, in vitamin A metabolism and in retinoid recycling. Rab28 loss also perturbs function of the visual cycle as retinoid levels of 11‐cRAL, 11cRP, and atRP are significantly reduced in larval and adult rab28 KO retinae ( p < .05). Notably, transgenic overexpression of Rab28, solely in zebrafish cones, rescues the OSP defect in rab28 KO fish, suggesting rab28 gene replacement in cone photoreceptors is sufficient to regulate Rab28‐OSP. Proteomic profiling identified factors whose expression in the eye or whose expression at dawn and dusk peaks of OSP is dysregulated by loss of Rab28. ![]() ![]() This study further elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which Rab28 controls OSP and inherited blindness. Here, we demonstrate that Rab28 is also required for dusk peaks of OSP, but not for basal OSP levels. In rodent and zebrafish models, the absence of Rab28 results in diminished dawn, photoreceptor, outer segment phagocytosis (OSP). Patient variants in RAB28 are causative of autosomal recessive cone‐rod dystrophy (CRD), an inherited human blindness. I cannot imagine a flight so important that I would be willing to find myself proving to a cop or FAA ASI or airport operator how I, an always-compliant and ever-vigilant pilot, am absolutely using the correct definition of dusk and in fact precisely calculated the time at which the geometric center of the sun's disc reached 6 degrees below the horizon as observed from the elevation & lat/long published on the KCLM chart supplement, and yes sir I am in fact sure that the last inch of the empennage of my airplane fully cleared the hold short line of that now-closed runway by the 59th second of the minute before said dusk occurred, especially after 2 go-around attempts because "gee wouldn't you know, it was pretty dark when I entered the pattern and there weren't any lights so I couldn't see it real well, go figure.RAB28 is a farnesylated, ciliary G‐protein. No judgment (you are PIC and I am not a crew member on your flight) but I will volunteer that it might be worth rethinking your ADM if the success of your flight plan hinges on these definitions, even with your claimed 20-30min buffer. "End of Evening Civil Twilight" is synonymous with "Civil Dusk," and "Beginning of Morning Civil Twilight" is synonymous with "Civil Dawn." Here is a good article explaining the three different commonly-defined types of dusk/dawn. FII - Flight Instructor Instrument (non-FAA Country)ĭISCLAIMER - the following are NOT necessarily official FAA-accepted definitions, so use them at your own risk.CFII - FAA Certified Flight Instructor Instrument.MIL - AF,N,A - Military pilot, AF, N, A, etc.FI - Flight Instructor (non-FAA Country).SIM - Simulators only, or pre-student interest.Please read our FAQs! You will find many answers to questions you may have, such as how to become a pilot. The moderators have the final say in disputes.If you want to sell an aviation-related item or aircraft, post it in /r/TheHangar. If you are about to post something that involves the exchange of goods or services for money, run it by the mods first. We strive to keep /r/flying as commercial-free as possible.r/flying is intended to be a friendly and accepting place check your ego at the door and take your snark and attitude elsewhere. See this FAQ page for more details on what’s allowed and how to make sure your post complies with this rule. A direct question in the title will suffice, otherwise you must add a comment! Further, self-promotion of social media accounts or blogs is not allowed outside of an officially designated self-promotion post. Post something that you would like to discuss! If posting only a photo, video, or link, you must include a relevant top-level comment to start conversation.Questions and content about air travel (passenger experience, frequent flyer programs, etc.) are better suited to r/travel. Flight simulation belongs in r/flightsim. “Aviation enthusiast” content is better suited to r/aviation. r/flying is intended to be a place to discuss things like pilot training, regulations, procedures, techniques, aircraft ownership and maintenance, piloting as a career, and similar topics. Certain questions, such as "how do I become a pilot" and the like have been asked repeatedly in the past. We also welcome the new and uninitiated to explore and learn (but please follow the rules). We are a community for discussion among pilots, students, instructors and aviation professionals.
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